Visit the 'Fluorite Site' Website! A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z Click Here to Return to the Main Page Cacoxenite Luster is vitreous to silky. Transparency: Specimens are translucent to transparent. Crystal System is hexagonal. Crystal Habits include acicular radiating crystals often as inclusions, also massive, globular, botryoidal and fibrous tufts. Cleavage is poor. Fracture is fibrous. Specific Gravity is approximately 2.3 (below average). Streak is yellow. Associated Minerals include quartz, hematite, strengite, beraunite, rockbridgeite and limonite. Notable Occurrences include Cornwall, England; Sweden; France; Hagendorf, Germany; Antwerp, New York; Pima County, Arizona; Indian Mountain, Alabama and Coon Creek Mine, Polk County, Arkansas, USA. Best Field Indicators are crystal habit, color, associations, density and streak. Colors: yellow-brown, brown, reddish-yellow, greenish-yellow or yellow Hardness: 3 to 4 Calaverite Luster is a bright metallic. Transparency: Crystals are opaque. Crystal System: Monoclinic; 2/m Crystal Habits include prismatic to more rarely tabular crystals that are often twinned into sharp bends, reticulated individuals and skeletal or arborescent formations. These are sometimes described as looking like writing. Also found as granular masses. Cleavage is absent. Fracture is conchoidal. v Specific Gravity is approximately 9.1 - 9.3 (very heavy even for metallic minerals). Streak is a yellow gray. Other Characteristics: Crystals tend to be deeply striated parallel to the prominent length. Associated Minerals include gold, quartz, celestite, fluorite, pyrite, nagyagite, sylvanite, krennerite and other rare telluride minerals. Notable Occurrences include Cripple Creek in Teller County, Colorado and Calaveras County (from where it gets its name), California, USA; Nagyag, Romania; Kirkland lake Gold District, Ontario and Rouyn District, Quebec, Canada and Kalgoorlie, Australia. Best Field Indicators are crystal habit, density, softness, color, luster, association with other tellurides and gold and lack of cleavage. Colors: silver white to brassy yellow Hardness: 2.5 to 3 Calciovolborthite Luster is vitreous, pearly or dull. Transparency: Specimens are transparent to opaque. Crystal System is orthorhombic; 2/m 2/m 2/m Crystal Habit is typically in druzy crusts and masses. Cleavage is none. Fracture is uneven. Specific Gravity is approximately 3.8 (heavy for non-metallic minerals) Streak is pale green to gray. Other Characteristics: Some specimens may fluoresce under UV light. Notable Occurrences include Germany Best Field Indicators are color, locality, fluorescence (if present) and density. Colors: typically various shades of green Hardness: 3 to 4 Calcite Calcite works well in helping one except change, it is also useful in channeling excess energy into creative endeavors.BR> Calcite increases and amplifies energy. It can be helpful in astral travel and in channeling. It also helps with increasing a person's intuition. All calcite is helpful in lessening fear and in reducing stress. Calcite is a protecting, purifying, grounding and centering stone, and can help bring inner peace. It also increases creativity, imagination, and prosperity. Calcite is also a stone of spirituality, wisdom and reconciliation. Calcite of different colors is great for using to open and balance the various chakras. Red calcite brings courage and inner strength and energy to handle survival situations, and benefits sensuality/sexuality. Orange calcite reduces chronic fatigue, and increases psychic abilities. Yellow calcite is also particularly good for Shamanic work, meditation, channeling, intuition, and amplifying energy. Green calcite also helps with manifestation, abundance, and intuition. Blue calcite is particularly good for channeling and increasing energy. Pink calcite (manganocalcite) is a stone of love and amplifies Reiki and other universal life force energies. Honey calcite is also very good for increasing energy. Optical calcite is beneficial for headaches. General calcite notes: This stone symbolizes clarification and mental growth. Because of its high calcium content it is an excellent stone for treating bone disorders and has a very beneficial effect on the formation of bone. Luster is vitreous to resinous to dull in massive forms. Transparency: Crystals are transparent to translucent. Crystal System is trigonal; bar 3 2/m Crystal Habits are extremely variable with almost any trigonal form possible. Common among calcite crystals are the scalenohedron, rhombohedron, hexagonal prism, and pinacoid. Combinations of these and over three hundred other forms can make a multitude of crystal shapes, but always trigonal or pseudo-hexagonal. Twinning is often seen and results in crystals with blocky chevrons, right angled prisms, heart shapes or dipyramidal shapes. A notch in the middle of a doubly terminated scalenohedron is a sure sign of a twinned crystal. Lamellar twinning also seen resulting in striated cleavage surfaces. Pseudomorphs after many minerals are known, but easily identified as calcite. Also massive, fibrous, concretionary, stalactitic, nodular, oolitic, stellate, dendritic, granular, layered, etc. etc. Cleavage is perfect in three directions, forming rhombohedrons. Fracture is conchoidal. Specific Gravity is approximately 2.7 (average) Streak is white. Other Characteristics: refractive indices of 1.49 and 1.66 causing a significant double refraction effect (when a clear crystal is placed on a single line, two lines can then be observed), effervesces easily with dilute acids and may be fluorescent, phosphorescent, thermoluminescence and triboluminescent. Associated Minerals are numerous but include these classic associations: Fluorite, quartz, barite, sphalerite, galena, celestite, sulfur, gold, copper, emerald, apatite, biotite, zeolites, several metal sulfides, other carbonates and borates and many other minerals. Notable Occurrences include Pugh Quarry, Ohio; Rosiclare, Illinois; Franklin, New Jersey; Elmwood, Tennessee; Brush Creek and other Missouri, Wisconsin, Kansas and Oklahoma localities, USA; Andreasburg, Harz Mountains and Saxony, Germany; Brazil; Guanajuato, Mexico; Cornwall, Durham and Lancashire, England; Bombay area of India; Eskifjord, Iceland; many African localities as well as others around the world with their own unique varieties. Best Field Indicators are crystal habit, reaction to acid, abundance, hardness, double refraction and especially cleavage. Colors: yellow, orange, pink, brown, green and blue, frequently translucent Hardness is 3 (only on the basal pinacoidal faces, calcite has a hardness of less than 2.5 and can be scratched by a fingernail). Calomel Luster is adamantine. Transparency: Crystals are translucent. Crystal System is tetragonal; 4/m 2/m 2/m Crystal Habits are small tabular to pyramidal or horn-like crystals usually seen as coatings or crusts on other minerals. Cleavage is distinct in one direction. Fracture is conchoidal. Specific Gravity is 6.4 - 6.5 (very heavy for translucent minerals) Streak is white. Other Characteristics: Fluorescent red and crystals darken upon exposure to light over time. Associated Minerals include mercury, cinnabar, metacinnabar and other mercury minerals. Notable Occurrences include Almaden, Spain; Idria, Serbia; Hunan Prov., China and New Idria, California, Oregon, Terlingua, Texas, and Arkansas, USA. Best Field Indicators are density, associations, fluorescence, hardness and crystal habit. Colors: white, gray or yellow Hardness: 1 to 2 (very, very soft) Cancrinite Luster is vitreous or pearly. Transparency: Crystals are translucent to more rarely transparent. Crystal System: Hexagonal; 6 Crystal Habits: Usually massive or granular. Some prismatic to columnar crystals are found. Cleavage is perfect, in three directions, prismatic, but rarely seen in massive specimens. Fracture is conchoidal to uneven. Specific Gravity is 2.4 - 2.5 (average) Streak is white. Other Characteristics: Will effervescence in warm hydrochloric acid. Associated Minerals include feldspars such as albite, biotite, hornblende, nepheline, sodalite and other feldspathoids. Notable Occurrences include Kola Peninsula, Russia; Iron Hill, Colorado USA; India; Finland and the Fen region of Norway. Best Field Indicators reaction to acids, associations, locality and hardness. Colors: yellow, orange, pink, white or blue Hardness: 5 to 6 Carbocernaite Luster is vitreous to greasy. Transparency: crystals are transparent to translucent. Crystal System is orthorhombic. Crystal Habits include small subhedral grains. Cleavage is poor in several directions, but not usually seen. Specific Gravity is 3.5 - 3.6 (above average) Streak is white. Associated Minerals are albite, burbankite, bastnasite, ancylite-(Ce), cordylite, calcite, ankerite, sphene, monazite, rhabdophane, cerite, donnayite, synchysite-(Ce), pyrophanite and parisite. Notable Occurrences are limited to the Weishan deposit, near Jinan City, Shandong Province, China; Mont Saint-Hilaire, Quebec, Canada and the type locality - Vourijarvi, Kola Peninsula, Russia. Best Field Indicators: crystal habit, color, luster and locality. Colors: pale yellow, white, rose, brown and colorless Hardness: 3 Carletonite Luster is vitreous to dull. Transparency: Crystals are translucent to less commonly transparent. Crystal System is tetragonal; 4/m 2/m 2/m Crystal Habits include prisms truncated with a pinacoid termination. The prisms are predominantly four sided but may display small secondary faces giving a slight octagonal cross-section. Phantoms are seen in some transparent crystals. Cleavage is perfect in one direction (basal) and fair in four directions (pyramidal). Fracture is conchoidal. Specific Gravity is approximately 2.45 (slightly lighter than most translucent minerals) Streak is white. Other Characteristics: Prism faces are striated lengthwise and dark blue crystals show strong pleochroism. Associated Minerals include rasvumite, tugtupite, aegirine, natrophosphate, sidorenkite, and other rare minerals. Notable Occurrences are limited to one location; the type locality of Mont Saint-Hilaire, Quebec, Canada. Best Field Indicators are crystal habit, cleavage, color, pleochroism and locality. Colors: blue, white, colorless or pink. Color zoning is common Hardness: 4.5 to 5 Carnallite Luster is vitreous to greasy, resinous or dull. Transparency: Crystals are transparent to translucent. Crystal System is orthorhombic; 2/m 2/m 2/m. Crystal Habits are typically granular and massive, sometimes fibrous. Individual crystals are rare, but when seen are pseudo-hexagonal and tabular. Cleavage is absent. Fracture is conchoidal. Specific Gravity is approximately 1.6 (light even for translucent minerals). v Streak is white. v Other Characteristics: Bitter taste, deliquescent (meaning it can absorb water from the air), fluorescent and can color a flame violet (due to potassium). Associated Minerals include halite, anhydrite, dolomite, gypsum, kainite, kieserite, polyhalite, sylvite and other more rare potassium evaporite minerals. Notable Occurrences include Carlsbad, New Mexico; Western Texas; Colorado and Utah, USA; Strassfurt, Germany; Ural Mountains, Russia; Iran; China; Tunisia; Spain; Mali; Ukraine and Saskatchewan, Canada. Best Field Indicators are environment of formation, lack of cleavage, associations, density, deliquescence, fracture and taste. Colors: white, colorless or yellow; rarely blue, Hematite inclusions may color specimens reddish Hardness: 2.5 Carnelian Carnelian signifies the male aspect of spirit. This stone is used for promoting peace, harmony, and to dispel depression. This stone can easily stimulates the sex drive. Usually, this stone is used on the lower three chakras. It is a stone of ambition and drive, and Carnelian is definitely a Power Stone! As this is an excellent career stone, it can be very helpful in making choices and decisions, especially in regard to interpersonal relationships. Carnelian is a very powerful ACTION stone for focusing, realization and actualization. Like Moss Agate, Carnelian stimulates analytical capabilities and precision. Carnelian activates and energizes personal power, revealing or discovering hidden talents. This stone protects from negative emotions and it is a wonderful antidote to rage, resentment, and bad tempers. (this is another Thunder Healing preferred stone) Colors: yellow, orange, red, brown, and all colors in between Hardness: 6.5 to 7 Carnotite Luster is pearly to dull or earthy. Transparency: Crystals are translucent to opaque. Crystal System is monoclinic; 2/m v Crystal Habits include crusts, earthy masses, foliated and granular aggregates. Cleavage is perfect in one direction. Fracture is uneven. Specific Gravity is approximately 4 - 5 (heavy for translucent minerals), higher gravity with lower water content. Streak is yellow. Associated Minerals include other uranium and vanadium minerals in sandstones and limestones. Other Characteristics: Radioactive and not fluorescent. Notable Occurrences include many locations in Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona, Utah, Grants, New Mexico and Mauch Chunk, Carbon Co, Pennsylvania, USA; Shaba, Zaire; Morocco; Radium Hill, Australia and Kazakhstan. Best Field Indicators are bright yellow color, density, habit, lack of any fluorescence, radioactivity and associations. Colors: bright yellow Hardness: 2 Cassiterite A tin oxide, usually brown or black. Less often red, gray or yellow. Cassiterite is said to promote productivity, practicality and organization. It empowers us in worldly endeavors and practical pursuits. Luster is adamantine or greasy. Transparency crystals are transparent in thin crystals otherwise opaque. Crystal System is tetragonal; 4/m 2/m 2/m Crystal Habits include eight-sided prisms and blocky or stubby crystals terminated by a blunt four-sided or complex pyramid. The prisms are composed of two four sided prisms with one of the prisms being dominant. Also thin acicular needles or blades are common. Can be massive, granular, fibrous and botryoidal. A concretionary form combined with quartz and hematite is called "wood-tin". Cleavage is good in two directions forming prisms, poor in a third (basal). Fracture is conchoidal to uneven. Specific Gravity is 6.6 - 7.0+ (very heavy for non-metallic minerals) Streak is white, but at times brownish. Associated Minerals include, but are not limited to, tourmalines, molybdenite, bismuthinite, topaz, fluorite, arsenopyrite and wolframite. Other Characteristics: high refractive index of approximately 2.0. Notable Occurrences include the La Paz and Colquiri areas of Bolivia; Cornwall, England; Durango, Mexico; Malaya; Indonesia; Russia and China. Best Field Indicators are crystal habit, hardness, twinning and high index of refraction (luster). Colors: black or reddish brown or yellow Hardness: 6 to 7 Cat’s Eye Natural Cat's Eye (chrysoberyl)is a stone of good fortune and of good luck. It often brings serenity and happiness, along with optimism and generosity. A really wonderful stone to have around! It is used in emotional healing to bring forgiveness, balanced emotions, and self-esteem. Cat's eye can enhance creativity and kindness. Those born in August (like me) will be drawn to this stone. The Cat's eye can dispel depression. Catapleiite Luster is vitreous. Transparency: Crystals are transparent to translucent. Crystal System is monoclinic; 2/m. Crystal Habits include pseudohexagonal plates or lamellar masses. Splendid rosettes are also known. Twinning is common. Cleavage is perfect in one direction. Specific Gravity is 2.8 Streak is white. Associated Minerals include feldspars, feldspathoids and Sphene among many rare species. Notable Occurrences include Magnet Cove, Arkansas, USA; Madagascar; Laven, Langesundfjord, Norway and Mount Saint Hilaire, Quebec. Best Field Indicators are crystal habit, locality and color. Colors: blue, gray, pale yellow, yellowish-brown, reddish or colorless Hardness: 5 to 6 Catlinite (pipestone) Catlinite, also called pipestone, is traditionally used as a Native American ceremonial stone. It is often used for making pipes and other totems. Catlinite connects the spiritual and the physical. It is also a very protective stone. Catlinite is used for communication with spirits and ancestors. Catlinite is related primarily to the root (base) chakra. Cavansite Cavansite is a stone that is helpful in many psychic areas. It can stimulate intuition, heighten psychic awareness, stimulate the third eye, and enhance channeling. It is especially helpful in psychic healing and protects the healer during psychic healing sessions. Emotionally, cavansite dispels negative thoughts and beliefs, and inspires fresh new ideas. Cavansite is related primarily to the throat and third eye chakras. Luster vitreous to pearly. Transparency transparent to translucent. Crystal System: Orthorhombic Crystal Habits radiating acicular crystals forming spherical crystal clusters. Cleavage perfect in one direction. Fracture conchoidal. Specific Gravity is approximately 2.33 Streak is blue. Associated Minerals include zeolites such as stilbite and heulandite as well as calcite, apophyllite , babingtoniteand quartz. Other Characteristics: larger crystals show an unusual internal reflection. Notable Occurrence is Poona, India and Columbia Co. and Malheur Co., Oregon, USA. Best Field Indicators are color, associations, locality and crystal habit. Colors: greenish-blue to ocean blue Hardness: 3 to 4 Celestite Celestite is very useful in mental tasks and activities that require concentration. This stone attunes one to other planes and is it used during out-of-body travels. Emotionally, celestite can help to end worry, fear, and anxiety. In this way it decreases negativity. Celestite is a great tool for meditation. It helps to focus on tasks at hand and helps to block out distracting "noise". Celestite purifies the aura. It is a stone that brings balance, especially to thought processes and communication. Celestite is associated with the throat and crown chakras. Luster is vitreous. Transparency crystals are transparent to translucent. Crystal System is orthorhombic; 2/m 2/m 2/m Crystal Habits include the bladed crystals that are dominated by two large pinacoid faces top and bottom and small prism faces forming a jutting angle on every side. There are many variations of these faces but the flattened blades and tabular crystals are the most common. If the pinacoid faces become diminished or are absent, the resulting prismatic crystal has a rhombic cross section. This habit is rather common in specimens from Madagascar. Also nodular, fibrous or granular. Cleavage is perfect in one direction, less so in another direction. Fracture is conchoidal. Specific Gravity is approximately 3.9+ (above average for translucent minerals) Streak is white. Associated Minerals are calcite, gypsum, strontianite, sulfur and fluorite. Other Characteristics: red color in flame test (see above), some specimens fluoresce under UV light. Notable Occurences include Lake Erie region of Ohio, Michigan and New York USA; Madagascar; Sicily and Germany. Best Field Indicators are crystal habit, color and flame test. Colors: blue but can also be colorless, yellow and tints of red, green and brown Hardness: 3 to 3.5 Cerussite Clear, gray, brown. Inspires contentment and a feeling of thankfulness. Luster is adamantine to almost submetallic and sometimes greasy. Transparency Crystals are transparent to translucent. Crystal System is orthorhombic; 2/m 2/m 2/m. Crystal Habits twinning is common and expected (see above), single crystals can be prismatic with blunted pyramidal terminations. Some specimens show acicular white crystals. Also, reniform, earthy, and crusty varieties are found. Cleavage is not as good as other carbonates, but still considered good in one direction. v Fracture is conchoidal and brittle. Specific Gravity is 6.5+ (very dense for a generally transparent mineral). Streak is white or colorless. Other Characteristics: Refractive index of 2.07 (very high) and prismatic crystals are striated lengthwise. Associated Minerals are barite, calcite, anglesite, and other secondary minerals and especially galena. Notable Occurrences include Tsumeb, Nambia; Congo; Morocco; Australia; Germany and Arizona, USA. Best Field Indicators are its crystal habit (especially twins), heaviness, high refraction and luster. Colors: colorless or white, also gray, yellow, and even blue-green Hardness: 3 to 3.5 Chabazite Luster is vitreous. Transparency: Crystals are transparent to translucent. Crystal System is trigonal; bar 3 2/m Crystal Habits include blocky rhombohedral crystals that can look cubic (pseudocubic) because the angle between the faces is nearly 90 degrees. Aggregates form crusts and granular masses. Twinning is common with the penetration twin rotated around the c-axis. Cleavage is poor in three directions parallel to the faces of the rhombohedron. v Fracture is uneven. Specific Gravity is approximately 2.0 - 2.2 (very light) Streak is white. Other Characteristics: Unlike calcite, does not react to acids. Associated Minerals are quartz, calcite, scolecite, apophyllite, natrolite, heulandite, stilbite and other zeolites. Notable Occurrences include Poona, India; Berufjord, Iceland; Columbia Co., Oregon, Passaic Co., New Jersey and in Yellowstone Park, USA; Cumberland Co., Nova Scotia; New Zealand, Rhineland, Germany and Switzerland. Best Field Indicators are crystal habit and symmetry, density, hardness, luster, lack of reaction to acids and associations. Color: clear, white, pink, yellowish, reddish and brown Hardness: 4 to 5 Chalcanthite Luster is vitreous. Transparency: Crystals are transparent to translucent. Crystal System is triclinic; bar 1. Crystal Habits include rare, individual, natural crystals showing well formed slanted prismatic, tabular or lense-shaped forms, more commonly aggregated into columnar, curved, parallel growth structures. Also found as encrusting, stalactitic and granular masses and as vein filling deposits. Cleavage is poor (basal). Fracture is conchoidal. Specific Gravity is approximately 2.2 - 2.3 (noticeably below average). Streak is pale blue to colorless. Other Characteristics: Is very soluble in water. A fact that is a detriment to most collection specimens as they may absorb water from the air and deteriorate over time. The taste has a sweet metallic character, but do not do this test often or with more than just a tip-of-the-tongue technique and only if needed to confirm an identification as chalcanthite is poisonous! Associated Minerals are brochantite, calcite , melanterite, aragonite, malachite and chalcopyrite. Notable Occurrences include Chuquicamata and El Teniente (Sewell), Chile; Minas de Rio Tinto, Spain; England; Germany and Ireland and in the United States, Bigham Canyon, Utah; Ducktown, Tennessee; Imlay, Pershing County, Nevada; Arkansas; California; New Mexico and Arizona. Best Field Indicators are crystal habit, low density, associations, solubility in water, taste and color. Colors: bright and deep blue Hardness: 2.5 Chalcedony Chalcedony is receptive and promotes peace, protection, and is good for reducing or eliminating nightmares. Blue chalcedony is a stone with a gentle energy that feels "dreamy." It fosters balance between mind, body and spirit. It is a stone of calm and peace that reduces or negates hostility, anger, and irritation. Blue chalcedony soothes and fosters mental and emotional stability and can encourage emotional honesty. It also encourages and eases communication, particularly what would otherwise be emotionally charged communication. Blue chalcedony is excellent for psychic work and skills of clairvoyance, intuition, and energy healing. This is a good luck Stone for Cancer and protective stone for Sagittarius. Colors: almost white to light blue and grayish blue, often banded with stripes; it is also found as pink, red and copper colored Hardness: 7 Chalcocite Luster is metallic. Transparency: Crystals are opaque. Crystal System is orthorhombic; 2/m 2/m 2/m below 105 degrees celsius and hexagonal; 6/m 2/m 2/m above 105 degrees celsius. Crystal Habits include pseudohexagonal tabular to prismatic crystals often with a shallow pyramidal truncation with a flat point. Also found massive and compact. Twinning is common and sometimes results in a six pointed star shaped cyclic twin called a trilling or in elbow shaped twins. Cleavage is imperfect in two directions, prismatically. v Fracture is conchoidal. Specific Gravity is approximately 5.5 - 5.8 (above average for metallic minerals) Streak is shiny black to lead gray. Other Characteristics: Crystals are usually deeply grooved with lateral striations and a tarnish will tend to dull the luster of crystals over time. Associated Minerals are quartz, enargite, malachite, azurite, copper, cuprite, tetrahedrite, bornite, tennantite, chalcopyrite, covellite, pyrite and other sulfides. Notable Occurrences include Bristol, Connecticut, Butte, Montana, Morenci and Bisbee, Arizona and Bingham Canyon, Utah, Ducktown, Tennessee, USA; Cornwall, England; Tsumeb, Namibia; Tuscany, Italy and Rio Tinto, Spain. Best Field Indicators are crystal habit, streak, striations, color and associations. Colors: dark gray to black Hardness: 2.5 to 3 Chalcophyllite Chalcopyrite A brassy gold copper ore with a green tint. Enhances feelings of self-worth, confidence and belief in oneself. Luster is adamantine, vitreous to pearly. Transparency crystals are transparent to translucent. Crystal System is trigonal; bar 3. Crystal Habits include tabular to platy crystals and lamellar masses. Some specimens have been partially pseudomorphed by chrysocolla and appear much duller in luster. Cleavage: is perfect in one direction (basal). Fracture: Uneven. Specific Gravity is approximately 2.4 - 2.7 (light for copper minerals). Streak is green. Associated Minerals include cornubite, tyrolite, cuprite, caledonite, malachite, chalcopyrite, chrysocolla, devilline and connellite. Notable Occurrences are limited to Chile; France; Germany; Wheal Gorland, Wheal Unity and other mines in Cornwall, England and Arizona, Utah and Nevada, USA. Best Field Indicators are crystal habit, streak, locality, associations, density and color. Colors: blue-green to emerald green Hardness: 2 Chalcosiderite Luster is vitreous. Transparency: Specimens are translucent to less often transparent. Crystal System is triclinic. Crystal Habits include tiny prismatic to tabular crystals and crusts. Cleavage is perfect. Fracture is uneven. Specific Gravity is approximately 3.2 (slightly above average). Streak is green. Associated Minerals include malachite, libethenite, olivenite and limonite. Notable Occurrences include the Wheal Phoenix Mine, Cornwall, England; Seigen, Westphalia, Germany and Cochise County, Arizona, USA. Best Field Indicators are color, locality, crystal habit, associations and perfect cleavage. Colors: green Hardness: 4.5 Chalcotrichite Luster is adamantine or submetallic to dull or earthy if massive. Transparency: Crystals are transparent to translucent. Crystal System is isometric; once thought to be 4 3 2 but now believed to belong to 4/m bar 3 2/m. Crystal Habits include the cube, octahedron, dodecahedron, and combinations of these forms. Some display faces of the obscure gyroid form. A variety known as Chalcotrichite forms long needle-like crystals or fuzzy crusts. also massive. Cleavage is fair in four directions forming octahedrons. Fracture is conchoidal. Specific Gravity is approximately 6.0 (very heavy for translucent minerals) Streak is brick red. Associated Minerals are limonite, copper, chrysocolla, malachite and other secondary copper minerals. Other Characteristics: Forms a surface film with long exposure to strong light. Crystals of cuprite are sometimes altered or partially altered to malachite and rarely copper. Notable Occurrences include Arizona, USA; Africa; Australia; Chile and several localities in Europe. Best Field Indicators are color, crystal form and softness Colors: red to a deep red that can appear almost black Hardness: 3.5 to 4 Charolite Charoite is called a "Stone of Transformation" and is a stone of power. It transforms negative emotions such as anger and fear into positive feelings. As part of the transformation process, it allows release of negative emotions. Charoite is also a stone of inspiration, bringing enhanced creativity, spiritual growth, and showing new possibilities. Charoite can enhance courage and inner strength as well as assertiveness. In the psychic realm, chaorite is used for entity release or rescue work, clairvoyance, and prophesy. Colors: mauve-violet with layered structure, opaque Hardness: 6 Chiastollite (Andalusite)(cross stone) Chiastolite is a variety of andalusite, also knows as the "Cross Stone" because of its cross pattern of naturally occurring colors. Chiastolite is a stone of balance and harmony. It can help with mental / emotional balance, stability, enhance problem solving, help in adapting to change, improve memory, and the ability to see all sides of a problem. Chiastolite can enhance spiritual awareness and harmony, as well as practical creativity. Psychically, chiastolite can be used to empower and enhance astral travel. Childrenite Luster is vitreous. Transparency: Specimens are transparent to translucent. Crystal System is orthorhombic; 2/m 2/m 2/m Crystal Habits include equidimensional tabular, bladed or platy crystals. Aggregates include lamellar, parallel growth and fibrous habits. Cleavage is good in two directions at right angles. Fracture is conchoidal. Specific Gravity is approximately 3.2 (slightly above average). Streak is white. Associated Minerals include quartz, feldspars, lithiophilite, chlorite, pyrite, hureaulite and triphylite. Notable Occurrences include the classic George and Charlotte Mine near Tavistock, Devon and some mines in Cornwall, England; Custer, South Dakota, USA and Minas Gerais, Brazil. Best Field Indicators are crystal habit, color, associations, localities and density. Colors: dark yellow, yellow-brown and brown. Hardness: 4.5 to 5 Chkalovite Luster is vitreous to greasy. Transparency: Crystals are transparent to translucent. Crystal System is orthorhombic; m m 2. Crystal Habits include mostly equant (often complex) to prismatic forms. Cleavage indistinct in one direction. Fracture is uneven to conchoidal. Specific Gravity is 2.7 Streak is white. Associated Minerals are numerous and include many exotic species: Schizolite, murmanite, aegirine, natrophosphate, kalifersite, djerfisherite, vitusite-(Ce), albite, lomonosovite, lueshite, serandite, nefedovite, fluorcaphite, lovozerite, ussingite, steenstrupine-(Ce), mangan-neptunite, eudialyte, sphalerite and villiaumite. Notable Occurrences include the type locality; the eastern slope of Malyi Punkaruaiv Mountain in the Lovozero Massif of the Kola Peninsula, Russia as well as Langesundfjord, Norway; Ilimaussaq, Greenland and Mont Saint-Hilaire, Quebec, Canada. Best Field Indicators include crystal habit, color, associations, locality and hardness. Colors: colorless and white Hardness: 6 Chlorapatite Luster is vitreous to greasy and gumdrop. Transparency: Crystals are transparent to translucent. Crystal System is hexagonal; 6/m Crystal Habits include the typical hexagonal prism with the hexagonal pyramid or a pinacoid or both as a termination. Also accicular, granular, reniform and massive. A cryptocrystalline variety is called collophane and can make up a rock type called phosphorite and also can replace fossil fragments. Cleavage is indistinct in one basal direction. Fracture is conchoidal. Specific Gravity is approximately 3.1 - 3.2 (average for translucent minerals) Streak is white. Associated Minerals are hornblende, micas, nepheline and calcite. Notable Occurrences include Durango, Mexico; Bancroft, Ontario; Germany and Russia. Best Field Indicators are crystal habit, color, hardness and look Colors: typically green but also yellow, blue, reddish-brown and purple Hardness: 5 Chlorargyrite Luster is resinous, silky or adamantine. Transparency: Crystals are translucent to transparent. Crystal System is isometric; 4/m bar 3 2/m. Crystal Habits include very scarce cubes, more commonly massive, stalactitic, crusty and columnar. Cleavage is absent. Fracture is conchoidal. Specific Gravity is 5.5 - 5.6 (very heavy for translucent minerals) Streak is white. Other Characteristics: Crystals darken upon exposure to light and plastic, ductile and sectile, meaning it can be molded, pounded into different shapes and cut into slices. Associated Minerals include barite, calcite, stephanite, acanthite, native silver and other silver ore minerals. Notable Occurrences include Atacama, Chile; Harz Mountains, Germany; Treasure Hill and Comstock Lode, Nevada, Colorado and Silver City District, Idaho, USA; Bolivia; France; Italy; Spain and New South Wales, Australia. Best Field Indicators are color, luster, lack of cleavage, density, associations, ductility and crystal habit. Colors: colorless on fresh surfaces; pearly gray, brown or violet-brown Hardness: 1.5 to 2.5 Chlorite Usually green, less often white, brown or black. A stone of the Goddess. Protective of women, nature and those who love and protect the wild places and animals. Luster is vitreous, dull or pearly. Transparency: Crystals are translucent transparent. Crystal System is monoclinic; 2/m. Crystal Habits: Rarely in large individual barrel or tabular crystals with an hexagonal outline. Usually found as alteration products of iron-magnesium minerals and as inclusions in other minerals. Aggregates can be scaly, compact, platy and as crusts. Cleavage is perfect in one direction, basal; not seen in massive specimens. Fracture is lamellar. Specific Gravity is variable from 2.6 - 3.4 (average to slightly above average) Streak is pal green to gray or brown. Other Characteristics: Cleavage flakes are flexible but not elastic. Associated Minerals include garnets, biotite, quartz, magnetite, talc, serpentine, danburite, topaz and calcite, among many others. Notable Occurrences include Transvaal, South Africa; Zermatt, Switzerland; Guleman, Turkey; Lancaster Co., Pennsylvania, Brewster, New York; San Benito Co., California, USA and many other locallities world wide. Best Field Indicators color, cleavage, associations and crystal habits. Colors: usually green but can also be white, yellow, red, lavender and black Hardness: 2 to 3 Chondrodite Chromite Luster is metallic to greasy. Transparency: Crystals are opaque. Crystal System is isometric; 4/m bar 3 2/m Crystal Habits include octahedrons often with dodecahedral faces modifying the edges of the octahedron to the point of rounding the crystal. Well formed crystals are rare and chromite is usually found massive or granular. Cleavage is absent. Fracture is conchoidal. Specific Gravity is 4.5 - 4.8 (average for metallic minerals) Streak is brown. Other characteristics: Weakly magnetic and an octahedral parting is sometimes seen. Associated Minerals include olivine, talc, serpentine, uvarovite, pyroxenes, biotite, magnetite and anorthite. Notable Occurrences include several mines in North Carolina, Montana, Maryland, Oregon, Texas, California and Wyoming, USA also found in Turkey; South Africa; Philippines and Russia. Best Field Indicators are crystal habit, streak, associations with ultra-basic minerals and parting. Colors: brownish black to a deep dark black Hardness: 5.5 Chromium Luster is metallic. Transparency: Specimens are opaque. Crystal System is isometric; 4/m bar 3 2/m. Crystal Habits are limited to granular specks and laboratory grown specimens. Specific Gravity is 7.21 (heavy for a metallic mineral). Associated Minerals include diamond, spinel, copper and iron. Notable Occurrences include the type locality in Sichuan, China as well as the Udachnaya (Lucky) pipe, Yakutia, Russia. Best Field Indicators are color, locality, hardness and density. Colors: white Hardness: 4 Chrysanthemum Stone Nicknamed: "stone of Wealth & Honor," Chrysanthemum stone took shape in the result of severe geological changes in the Permian period 270 million years before (prior to Dinosaur Era.) Part of Chrysanthemum Stone consists of selenium, strontium, and bismuth. With black and white sharply contrasted, the chrysanthemum stone has a smooth nature and lifelike patterns. The quantity of Chrysanthemum stone available is very small, and as a result, the stone is very rare and its value is high. The Chrysanthemum stone with its flowery white patterns on a black background, occurs naturally in the Hunan region of China. It symbolizes longevity in Chinese lore. Chrysoberyl Chrysoberyl assists in striving for excellence, and to bring peace of mind and self-confidence. This stone sharpens the sight, protects the visual center in the brain, and combats squints and all kinds of eye inflammations. This stone takes away negative thoughts, making a person more far-sighted and able to see more clearly while making gentler and more kinder and tolerant decisions. Chrysoberyl symbolizes goodness and promotes tolerance and harmony. It also has a positive effect on relationships. Use Chrysoberyl to open up the solar plexus and heart chakras. This is the stone of Leo. Luster is vitreous. Transparency: Crystals are transparent to translucent. Crystal System is orthorhombic; 2/m 2/m 2/m Crystal Habits: Crystals tend to be blocky and are often distorted by twinning effects that sometimes produce a psuedo-hexagonal cyclic twin. also granular. Cleavage is fair in one direction and poor in another. Fracture is conchoidal. Specific Gravity is 3.7+ (above average for translucent minerals) Streak is white. Associated Minerals include garnet, mica and feldspars. Other Characteristics: Pleochroic (different colors seen from different viewing angles), high refractive index (around 1.75). Notable Occurrences include the Ural Mountains, Russia, Sri Lanka, Brazil, and Burma. Best Field Indicators include possible presence of twinned crystals, color, great hardness, and poor cleavage. Colors: golden to yellow green Hardness: 8.5 Chrysocolla This is a gentle, soothing, and friendly stone. It is excellent for the Heart Chakra as it heals heart issues (loss, hurt). This mineral keeps one in light, love, and healing on a daily basis. High conductivity (from copper) draws out pain and heat (such as fevers, inflammations, arthritis). Chrysoberyl is used in the dream work. This is a stone found in shades of blue or green that is mined in Mexico, Zaire, Chile, USSR and the US. It slightly resembles Turquoise and its properties can be similar to it. Chrysocolla is associated with Taurus, Cancer, Aquarius, and Libra Luster is earthy to dull or vitreous and waxy. Transparency specimens are translucent to opaque. Crystal System is probably monoclinic or orthorhombic. Growth Habits include mostly massive forms that can be crusts, stalachtites and botryoidal. Also as inclusions in other minerals such as quartz. Cleavage is absent. Fracture is pronounced conchoidal. Specific Gravity is approximately 2.0 - 2.3 (very light) Streak is white to blue-green. Associated Minerals are quartz, limonite, azurite, malachite, cuprite and other secondary copper minerals. Other Characteristics: may have an opal like appearance. Notable Occurrences include Arizona, Utah, New Mexico and Pennsylvania, USA; Isreal; Zaire and England. Best Field Indicators are lack of crystals, color, fracture, low density and softness. Colors: turquoise blue to green Hardness: 2 to 4, depending on where it is found Chrysoprase This is a bright translucent green chalcedony. This stone uplifts the heart chakra. It produces greater flexibility, increase his wisdom, generosity, and self-confidence. More importantly, this stone can heal depression, excess self-focus, and unbalanced emotions and/or sexual function. Placed on got heart, neck, or on brow for meditation. This is a bright green crystal similar in color to green apples. It helps one to achieve greater personal insight, feel more calm, and become less egotistical. It also stimulates creativity and draws out unknown talents. This stone is and important stone for those born under the sign of Cancer for whom it provides a balance between the unconscious and the conscious. Colors: apple green and translucent, also almost completely clear Hardness: 6.5 to 7 Cinnabar (Mercury) Cinnabar transfers its healing qualities to the blood. It has a positive effect on the immune system, and increases resistance to pathogens and helps to avoid infections. This stone hopes to fend off to pressing thoughts, dejection, and depression. It frees the wearer from mental problems that might threaten to exhaust him/her or slow him/her down emotionally and mentally. Cinnabar contains negative as well as positive components. On the one hand, it is the source of the poisonous metal, mercury, while on the other it possesses the various healing powers. Luster is adamantine to submetallic in darker specimens. Transparency crystals are translucent to transparent. Crystal System is trigonal; 32 Crystal Habits: individual, well formed, large crystals are scarce; crusts and crystal complexes are more common; may be massive, or in capillary needles. Crystals that are found tend to be the six sided trigonal scalahedrons that appear to have opposing three sided pyramids. It also forms modified rhombohedrons, prismatic and twinned crystals as described above. Cleavage is perfect in three directions, forming prisms. Fracture is uneven to splintery. Specific Gravity is approximately 8.1+ (very heavy for a non-metallic mineral) Streak is red Associated Minerals are realgar, pyrite, dolomite, quartz, stibnite and mercury. Other Characteristics: slightly sectile and crystals can be striated. Notable Occurences include Almaden, Spain; Idria, Serbia; Hunan Prov., China and California, Oregon, Texas, and Arkansas, USA. Best Field Indicators are crystal habit, density, cleavage, softness and color. Colors: red Hardness: 2 to 2.5 Citrine Citrine is extensively used in Thunder Healing due to its special properties. This stone/crystal does not absorb negative energy, it also dissipates negativity. As a Reiki companion stone it is used in all aspects of Thunder Healing Reiki practice. Since Citrine does not absorb any negative energies from its surroundings, it never needs energetic clearing. Citrine can be used to clear unwanted energies from the environment. Since citrine eliminates negative energies, it helps generate stability in all areas, and is good for general protection. Citrine is known as the "success stone" because it promotes success, prosperity, and abundance. It promotes success in business, earning it another nickname, "merchant's stone", and is said to bring business if put in the cashbox/cash register of a shop or if carried. A piece near or on the telephone can help with telephone sales and incoming sales leads. Citrine may bring good fortune in unexpected ways. Along with prosperity and good fortune, citrine imparts generosity, helping one to share the wealth, so to speak. In the mental area, citrine enhances mental clarity, confidence, and will power. It also increases creativity and promotes honesty. Emotionally, citrine relieves depression, self-doubt, anger, and irrational mood swings. Citrine is a stone that brings happiness and cheerfulness to those who carry or wear it. Citrine also reduces self-destructive tendencies. Citrine helps eliminate fears. It is suitable for raising social consciousness. Citrine can help one overcome emotional traumas and grief. Sensuality and sexuality can also be heightened by citrine. Citrine clears the aura of negative energies and influences. It is also very useful for meditation as well as dream recall and dream work. Citrine is also good for removing toxins, and overcoming addictions. Citrine is associated with the solar plexus chakra. Citrine is linked to Gemini and Virgo. Variety of: Quartz , SiO 2. Uses: Gemstone and ornamental stone. Birthstone for: November Index of refraction: 1.544-1.553 Cleavage: none Crystal System: trigonal Colors: lemon yellow to golden brown, transparent; is created artificially by heating amethyst or smoky quartz; such stones should be called Golden Topaz and not true Citrine. Hardness: 7 Clausthalite Luster is metallic. Transparency: Crystals are opaque. Crystal System: Isometric; 4/m bar 3 2/m. Crystal Habits include rare cubic and octahedral crystals; much more commonly found in massive and granular forms. Cleavage: perfect in three directions forming cubes. Fracture: Uneven. Specific Gravity is 8.1 - 8.3 (much heavier than average for metallic minerals) Streak is black. Associated Minerals include gold, pyrite, calcite, epidote, selenium, sphalerite, tiemannite, naumannite, penroseite, galena and other sulfides. Notable Occurrences include the type locality of the Lorenz Mine, Clausthal, Harz, Germany as well as Corvusite Mine, Montrose County, Colorado and San Miguel County, New Mexico, USA; Slavkovice, Central Moravia, Czech Republic; Falun, Sweden and Lake Athabasca, Saskatchewan, Canada. Best Field Indicators are crystal habit, perfect cubic cleavage, associations and density. Colors: bright lead gray, blue gray to gray black Hardness: 2.5 Cleavelandite Cliffordite Luster is adamantine. Transparency: Crystals are transparent to translucent. Crystal System is isometric; bar 3 2/m. Crystal Habits include small octahedral crystals. Specific Gravity is approximately 6.6 - 6.7 (very heavy for translucent minerals). Streak is bright yellow. Other Characteristics: Specimens are slightly radioactive. Associated Minerals include tellurium and other tellurates and tellurites. Notable Occurrences are limited to the type locality of San Miguel Mine, Moctezuma, Sonora, Mexico. Best Field Indicators are locality,softness, high density, luster, radioactivity and cleavage. Colors: bright yellow to sulfur yellow Hardness: 4 Clinochlore Luster is vitreous to pearly. Transparency: Crystals are translucent to transparent. Crystal System is monoclinic; 2/m. Crystal Habits include pseudohexagonal tabular crystals with tapering pyramidal terminations. Commonly foliated, fibrous, granular, earthy, massive. Twinning is seen on some larger specimens. Cleavage is perfect in one direction, basal. Fracture is uneven. Specific Gravity is 2.6 - 3.0 (average). Streak is greenish white or white. Other Characteristics: Cleavage flakes are flexible but inelastic. Associated Minerals include pyrite, quartz, dolomite, fluorapatite, gmelinite, rutile, siderite, albite, anatase, calcite, catapleiite, talc, chlorite, sphalerite, serpentine, actinolite, biotite, tainiolite, olivine, plagioclase, chromite and uvarovite. Notable Occurrences including the type locality of West Chester, Chester County, Pennsylvania, USA as well as The Tilly Foster mine, New York; Pima and Yavapai Counties, Arizona; New Idria district, San Benito County, California and Franklin and Sterling Hill, New Jersey, USA; Tirol, Austria; Val Malenco, Lombardy and Ala, Piedmont, Italy; near Zermatt, Valais, Switzerland; Spain; Shetland Islands, Scotland; Kop Daglari, Erzurum, Turkey; Ural Mountains, Russia and most localities from where chlorite is found. Best Field Indicators are crystal habit, softness, color and cleavage. Colors: green to an emerald green but also red, brown, tan, yellow or white Hardness: 2 to 2.5 Clinoclase Luster is vitreous. Transparency: specimens are translucent. Crystal System: is monoclinic; 2/m Crystal Habits include acicular crystals in radiating and near botryoidal crusts. Individual crystals of any size are rare, but when found are tabular or prismatic with small triangular faces modifying the crystals. Cleavage is good in one direction. Fracture is lamellar. Specific Gravity is approximately 4.3 (heavy for translucent minerals) Streak is bluish green. Associated Minerals are malachite, olivenite, quartz, limonite, adamite, azurite, brochantite and other rare secondary copper ore minerals. Other Characteristics: slightly soluble in hydrochloric acid. Notable Occurrences: Cornwall, England; Libethen, Romania; Zaire; Russia; California, Utah and Arizona, USA. Best Field Indicators: color, streak, crystal habits, associations and density. Colors: dark blue and with shades of green Hardness: 2.5 to 3 Clinohedrite Luster is vitreous to dull. Transparency: Specimens are translucent to opaque. Crystal System is monoclinic; m. Crystal Habits include massive and lamellar specimens. Rare individual crystals are prismatic and at the Arizona locality aggregates formed sprays of acicular crystals. Cleavage is perfect in one direction (pinacoidal). Specific Gravity is approximately 3.2 - 3.4 (slightly above average). Streak is white. Other Characteristics: Fluoresces an orange-yellow color under short-wave UV light. Associated Minerals include willemite, zincite, franklinite, apophyllite, kinoite, stringhamite, esperite, calcite and especially hardystonite. Notable Occurrences include its type locality: Trotter Mine, Franklin as well as Sterling Hill, New Jersey and at the Christmas Mine, Gila County, Arizona, USA. Best Field Indicators are fluorescence, associations, locality and cleavage. Colors: white to colorless and violet Hardness: 5.5 Clinohumite Luster is vitreous to resinous. Transparency: Crystals are transparent to translucent. Crystal System: Monoclinic; 2/m. Crystal Habits include small prismatic to rounded crystals, but as is most commonly the case, as embedded indistinct grains. Lamellar twinning is common. Cleavage is poor in one direction, basal. Fracture is subconchoidal. Specific Gravity is 3.2 - 3.4 Streak is white. Other Characteristics: Many specimens (usually those that are of a lighter color) fluoresce a yellow-orange color under shortwave UV light. Crystals are pleochroic from yellow to colorless. Associated Minerals include humite, talc, geikielite, lazurite, dolomite and calcite. Notable Occurrences include the type locality of Mt. Vesuvius, near Napoles, Campania, Italy as well as the Pamir Mountains, Tadzhikistan, Russia; Pargas, Finland; Llanos de Juanar, Malaga, Spain; Tilly Foster Mine, New York; Fort Defiance, Apache County, Arizona; Crestmore Quarry, Riverside County and Lower Lake, Fresno County, California; Luna, New Mexico and Franklin, New Jersey, USA. Best Field Indicators are color, associations, fluorescence, environment of formation and hardness Color: yellow, red, brown or orange Hardness: 3.2 to 3.4 Clinoptilolite Luster is vitreous to pearly on the most prominent pinacoid face and on cleavage surfaces. Transparency: Crystals are transparent to translucent. Crystal System is monoclinic; 2/m Crystal Habits include blocky or tabular crystals with good monoclinic crystal form. More tabular and proportioned than heulandite. Also commonly found in acicular (needle thin) crystal sprays. Cleavage is perfect in one direction parallel to the prominent pinacoid face. Fracture is uneven. Specific Gravity is approximately 2.2 (very light) Streak is white. Other Characteristics: Can absorb a significant amount of water after drying and will retain its structure even if heated to almost the temperature of melted glass. Associated Minerals are calcite, aragonite, thenardite, hectorite, quartz, apophyllite, opal, clays, pyrite, halite, mordenite, heulandite, chabazite, analcime, erionite, ferrierite, harmotome, dachiardite, phillipsite and several borate minerals Notable Occurrences include the widespread tuffaceous volcanic rocks of Arizona; the type locality of Hoodoo Mountains and the Yucca Mountains of Nevada; Altoona, Washington; Agate Beach and Madres, Oregon and several sites in California, USA. Also found at Styria, Austria; Bulgaria; British Columbia, Canada; Ortenberg Quarry, Germany; Alpe di Siusi, Italy; Kuruma Pass, Japan; McQueens Valley and Moeraki, New Zealand and Chinchwad, India. Best Field Indicators are crystal habit, density, locality, water absorption, heat tolerance and associations. Colors: colorless, white, pink, yellow, reddish and pale brown Hardness: 3.5 to 4 Clinozoisite Light green to brownish-green. Teaches us to care for ourselves and not to let others take advantage of us. Cobalt Luster is metallic. Transparency: Specimens are opaque. Crystal System is isometric. Crystal Habits include only lab grown specimens. Specific Gravity is 8.9 (very heavy for a metallic mineral). Other Characteristics: Magnetic. Notable Occurrences include only lab grown specimens. Best Field Indicators are color, magnetism and density. Color: steel gray Cobaltite The color is silver. Cobaltite is associated with reflection, meditation and re-evaluation. It promotes thoughtfulness and careful consideration. It allows us to see all sides of an issue and therefore fosters tolerance. Cobaltocalcite Luster is vitreous. Transparency crystals are transparent to translucent. Crystal System is trigonal; bar 3 2/m Crystal Habits include rhombohedrons and scalahedrons, but large crystals are rare. Often, any large crystals are sphaerocobaltite intergrown with calcite, coloring the whole crystal pink. Also botryoidal, globular, stalactitic and as crusts. Cleavage is perfect in three directions, forming rhombohedrons. Fracture is uneven. Specific Gravity is approximately 4.2 (above average for translucent minerals). Streak is pale pink. Associated Minerals are calcite, malachite, cobaltite and dolomite. Other Characteristics: red or pink and white banding in massive forms and effervesces easily with dilute acids. Notable Occurrences include Shaba, Zaire; Saxony Germany and from other secondary cobalt ore locations. Best Field Indicators are color, crystal habit, reaction to acid, associations with cobalt ore deposits, and cleavage Color: red to pink Hardness: 4 Coconinoite Luster is vitreous or waxy to dull or earthy. Transparency crystals are translucent. Crystal System is orthorhombic or possibly monoclinic. Crystal Habits include crusts, earthy masses, foliated and scaly aggregates. Specific Gravity is approximately 2.9 (average for translucent minerals). Streak is pale yellow. Other Characteristics: radioactive and some specimens are fluorescent. Notable Occurrence is Sun Valley Mine, Coconino Co., Arizona, USA. Best Field Indicators are color, fluorescence if present, radioactivity and locality. Colors: various shades of pale yellow Coesite Luster is vitreous. Transparency: Crystals are transparent to translucent. Crystal System is monoclinic; 2/m . Crystal Habit includes always small (usually microscopic) and very rarely well formed prismatic crystals. Cleavage information is unavailable. Fracture is probably conchoidal. Specific Gravity is 3.00+ (average for translucent minerals) Streak is clear. Other Characteristics: Refractive index is approximately 1.59 Associated Minerals include sanadine, diamond, garnets, pyroxenes, iron meteorites and stishovite. Notable Occurrences include Canyon Diablo, Meteor Crater, Arizona, USA and other meteorite craters around the world as well as at Kimberly, South Africa. Best Field Indicators are environment of formation, density and index of refraction; but in general crystals are too small to identify by ordinary methods. Colors: colorless or white Hardness: 8 Colemanite Translucent. Helps us become more yin: gentler, sweeter, quieter. Excellent for "macho" men. Helps us mellow out. Luster is vitreous. Transparency crystals are transparent to translucent. Crystal System is monoclinic; 2/m Crystal Habits are quite variable, but include the short prismatic crystals always with complicated facets. Equant crystals that appear stubby and bead-like are also common. The crystals are sometimes flattened and can appear bladed. The terminations are either blunted or steeply pyramidal. Also massive, lamellar and granular habits are found. Cleavage is perfect in one direction and distinct in another. Fracture is uneven. Specific Gravity is approximately 2.4 (somewhat lower than average) Streak is white. Associated Minerals are calcite, celestite, borax, ulexite, kernite, hydroboracite and other borate minerals. Other Characteristics: exfoliates (peels off) upon heating. Notable Occurrences include Yermo, Boron, Death Valley and other California localities, USA; Nevada, USA; Chile and Panderma, Turkey. Best Field Indicators are crystal habit, associations, locality, density, cleavage and hardness Colors: white to clear Hardness: 4.5 Collinsite Luster is vitreous. Transparency: specimens are translucent to less commonly transparent. Crystal System: is triclinic; bar 1 Crystal Habits include nodules and crusts in altered granite pegmatites. Crystals tend to be prismatic and are often aggregated together into bundles. Cleavage is perfect in one direction. Fracture is uneven. Specific Gravity is approximately 3.0 (average for translucent minerals) Streak is off white. Notable Occurrences: Tip Top Mine, Custer Co., South Dakota, USA, Francois Lake, British Columbia, Canada and at other localities. Best Field Indicators: color, crystal habit, hardness and localities. Colors: brown to white or colorless Hardness: 3.5 Columbite Luster is submetallic. Transparency: Crystals are nearly opaque being transparent in thin splinters. Crystal System is orthorhombic; 2/m 2/m 2/m Crystal Habits include stubby prismatic crystals with complexly faceted or rounded terminations. Also very flat tabular crystals often aggregated together in parallel or nearly parallel groups. Can also be granular and massive. Cleavage is good in one direction. Fracture is subconchoidal. Specific Gravity is approximately 5.0 to 5.3+ when near pure columbite (very heavy for non-metallic minerals). Streak is brown to black. Other Characteristics: Some specimens may demonstrate weak magnetism. Associated Minerals include albite, spodumene, cassiterite, microcline, lepidolite, apatite, beryl, microlite, tourmalines and amblygonite. Notable Occurrences include Newry, Maine; San Diego Co., California; Colorado and Amelia, Virginia, USA; Renfrow County, Ontario, Canada; Madagascar; Sweden; Norway; Brazil; Argentina; Kugi-Lyal, Pamir, Russia and Finland. Best Field Indicators are crystal habit, streak, associations and specific gravity. Colors: dark black, iron-black to dark brown Hardness: 6 Conichalcite Luster is vitreous. Transparency: Crystals are transparent to translucent. Crystal System is orthorhombic Crystal Habits include the crusts of acicular to almost fibrous crystals. Also as botryoidal masses and compact crusts. Cleavage is absent. Fracture is uneven. Specific Gravity is approximately 4.3 (heavy) Streak is green. Associated Minerals are limonite, malachite, beudantite, adamite, cuproadamite, olivenite and smithsonite. Notable Occurrences include Juab Co., Utah, Nevada and Arizona, USA; Mexico; Chile; Poland and Zaire. Best Field Indicators are crystal habit, color, associations and density. Colors: grass green to light green Hardness: 4.5 Connellite Luster is vitreous. Transparency: Specimens are mostly translucent to individual crystals being transparent. Crystal System is hexagonal; 6 2 2. Crystal Habits include acicular to fibrous crystals arranged in tufts, layers or radial aggregates. Cleavage is absent. Fracture is uneven. Specific Gravity is approximately 3.4 - 3.5 (slightly above average for non-metallic minerals). Streak is blue. Associated Minerals include quartz, azurite, cuprite, brochantite, caledonite, atacamite, paratacamite, paramelaconite, malachite, cornubite and chalcophyllite, among others. Notable Occurrences are limited to the Wheal Gorland and other mines of the Wheal Providence, Cornwall, England; South Africa and the mines of Bisbee, New Cornelia, Mammoth-St Anthony and Copper Queen of Arizona, USA. Best Field Indicators are crystal habit, color, associations and locality. Colors: deep blue to a more rare, blue-green Hardness: 3 Copiapite Luster is pearly to dull. Transparency: Specimens are translucent to opaque. Crystal System is triclinic: bar 1. Crystal Habits include aggregates of small platy or scaly masses, encrustations and granular masses. Individual crystals are rare. Cleavage is perfect in one direction. Fracture is uneven. Specific Gravity is approximately 2.1 (light even for translucent minerals). Streak is pale yellow. Other Characteristics: Dissolves in water, is non-fluorescent and has a metallic taste. Associated Minerals include pyrite, other iron sulfides and other secondary minerals. Notable Occurrences include Copiapo (hence the name), Atacama, Chile; France; Spain; Germany; Utah, California and Nevada, USA. Best Field Indicators are solubility, density, color, non-fluorescence and taste. Colors: yellow, orange, sulfur-yellow, golden-yellow, greenish-yellow to ocher Hardness: 3.5 to 4 Copper Copper is considered a mineral of energy and mental agility. Copper facilitates mental agility and quick wit. Copper is an excellent conductor of types of energy. Thus, copper is said to enhance and help to transmit thoughts over long distances. Physically, copper is used in all types of healing, in the treatment of arthritis, and to relieve the pain of broken bones, sexual instability, and low energy. Luster is metallic. Transparency is opaque. Crystal System is isometric; 4/m bar 3 2/m v Crystal Habits include massive, wires and arborescent or branching forms as the most common, whole individual crystals are extremely rare but when present are usually cubes and octahedrons. ccasionally, massive forms will show some recognizable crystal faces on outer surfaces. Cleavage is absent. Fracture is jagged. Streak is reddish copper color. Specific Gravity is 8.9+ (above average for metallic) Associated Minerals are silver, calcite, malachite and other secondary copper minerals. Other Characteristics: ductile, malleable and sectile, meaning it can be pounded into other shapes, stretched into a wire and cut into slices. Notable Occurrences include Michigan and Arizona, USA; Germany; Russia and Australia. Best Field Indicators are color, ductility and crystal habit. Colors: orange, copper red Hardness: 2.5 to 3 Coral Coral is receptive and has healing powers as well as promoting wisdom. Coral is neither a stone nor a plant, but the skeletal remains of a tiny sea creature. Coral is therefore of an organic origin and can be used to reconnect with nature. Coral also attracts love and prosperity, particularly red coral, which is a stone of passion. Creativity and optimism are also qualities that coral can help to bring out within an individual. Emotionally, coral brings inner peace, strength, and understanding of purpose. Colors: pink, salmon pink, red, white, black Hardness: 3 to 4 Cordierite Luster is vitreous. Transparency crystals are transparent to translucent. Crystal System is orthorhombic; 2/m 2/m 2/m Crystal Habits include rare prismatic crystals but is usually massive, or in compact grains embedded in metamorphic schists and gneisses. Also found as pebbles and grains in alluvial deposits. Cleavage is poor in one direction. Fracture is subconchoidal. Specific Gravity is approximately 2.3 (light) Streak is white. Other Characteristics: strongly pleochroic (displays the range of colors from blue-violet to gray or colorless), index of refraction is 1.52 - 1.57. Associated Minerals are almandine, corundum, andalusite, biotite and feldspars. Notable Occurrences include Sri Lanka; India; Burma; Madagascar; Middlesex Co., Connecticut and the Yellowknife area of the Northwest Territories, Canada. Best Field Indicators are hardness, lack of good cleavage, density, color and pleochroism. Colors: blue, violet, gray, brownish or colorless Hardness: 7 to 7.5 Cordylite Luster is greasy to adamantine. Transparency: Crystals are translucent to transparent, some specimens approach opaqueness. Crystal System is hexagonal. Crystal Habits include small prismatic or platy crystals, some demonstrating a hemimorphic character. Cleavage is good in one direction (basal). Fracture is conchoidal. Specific Gravity is approximately 4.0 to 4.3 (well above average) Streak is white. Other Characteristics: Crystals can show some striations parallel to the basal face. Associated Minerals include bastnasite, calcite, aegirine, albite, quartz, ashcroftine-(Y), brookite, burbankite, carbocernaite, synchysite-(Ce), ankerite, ancylite-(Ce), mckelveyite, elpidite, narsarsukite, lorenzenite, leucosphenite and several zeolites. Notable Occurrences include the type locality of Narsarsuk, Greenland. Other localities include the mines of Mont Saint-Hilaire, Quebec and Kibina, Kola Peninsula, Russia. Best Field Indicators: are crystal habit, color, cleavage, density, luster and locality Colors: colorless, yellow, brownish-yellow and orange-yellow Hardness: 4.5 Cornetite Luster is vitreous. Transparency: Specimens are translucent. Crystal System: is orthorhombic; 2/m2/m2/m Crystal Habits include crystals that are short, rounded, nearly diamond-shaped prisms that are terminated by a dome with trapezohedral faces, also as tiny crystalline druzes, fibrous masses and crusts. Cleavage is absent. Fracture is uneven. Specific Gravity is approximately 4.1 (above average for translucent minerals) Streak is blue. Associated Minerals are limonite, libethenite, malachite, pseudomalachite, brochantite and other secondary copper ore minerals. Notable Occurrences include Shaba, Congo; Bwana Mkubwa, Zambia and Empire Nevada Mine, Yerington,Nevada. Best Field Indicators are color, streak, crystal habits, associations and density Colors: dark blue, green-blue to green. Hardness: 4.5 Cornwallite Corundum Luster is vitreous to adamantine. Transparency: Crystals are transparent to translucent. Crystal System is trigonal; bar 3 2/m Crystal Habits include sapphire's typical six-sided barrel shape that may taper into a pyramid, and ruby's hexagonal prisms and blades. Cleavage is absent, although there is parting which occurs in three directions. Fracture is conchoidal. Specific Gravity is approximately 4.0+ (above average for translucent minerals) Streak is white. Associated Minerals include calcite, zoisite, feldspars, micas and garnets. Other Characteristics: Refractive index is around 1.77; pleochroic (meaning color intensity is variable from different viewing directions); striations on parting surfaces. Notable Occurrences include Burma; Sri Lanka; North Carolina and Montana, USA; many African localities; several localities in India, and Middle Eastern and Southeast Asian countries. Best Field Indicators are extreme hardness, density and crystal habit. Colors: white or colorless, blue, red, yellow, green, brown, purple, and pink; there are also instance of color zonation Hardness: 9 Creedite Luster is vitreous. Transparency crystals are transparent to translucent. Crystal System is monoclinic; 2/m Crystal Habits include prismatic crystals with a dome termination whose top edge is slanted with respect to length. Also acicular crystals in radiating groups. Cleavage is perfect in one direction. Fracture is uneven. Specific Gravity is approximately 2.7+ (average for translucent minerals) Streak is white. Associated Minerals are limonite, cassiterite, adamite and vanadanite. Other Characteristics: color if present is unevenly distributed through the crystals. Notable Occurrences include Mapimi, Mexico; Colquiri, Bolivia and Colorado, USA. Best Field Indicators are crystal habit, associations and locality Colors: white, colorless and purple Hardness: 4 Cristobalite Luster is vitreous. Transparency: Crystals are transparent to translucent. Crystal System is tetragonal; 4 2 2 (alpha cristobalite) and isometric; 4/m bar 3 2/m (beta cristobalite). Crystal Habit includes the always small (usually microscopic) and rarely well formed crystals that are pseudo-isometric, being pseudomorphs of beta cristobalite. The crystals are typically pseudo-octahedrons, some of which are twinned in a special twin called the spinel twin. The more commonly observed habit is radiating clusters and spherical aggregates. Cleavage is absent. Fracture is conchoidal. Specific Gravity is 2.32+ (below average for translucent minerals) Streak is clear. Other Characteristics: Refractive index is approximately 1.48 Associated Minerals include tridymite, sanadine, hornblende, beta quartz, olivine, pseudobrookite and augite. Notable Occurrences include Cerro San Cristobal, Pachuca, Mexico (from where it gets its name); San Juan Mountains and Yellowstone National Park, both in Colorado and Mt. Lassen, California, USA and Italy. Best Field Indicators are crystal habit, environment of formation (mostly in the crevices of volcanic rocks), color and index of refraction. Colors: colorless or white Hardness: 6.5 Crocoite Cryolite Luster is vitreous. Transparency crystals are transparent to translucent. Crystal System is monoclinic; 2/m Crystal Habits are usually massive and as pseudo-cubic crystals, some with psuedo-octahedral truncations. Cleavage is absent, but three parting directions produce what looks like a psuedo-cubic cleavage. Fracture is uneven. Specific Gravity is 2.95 (average) Streak is white. Other Characteristics: index of refraction is 1.338 which is close to the index of refraction of water. As a consequence, clear cryolite crystals or powdered cryolite will nearly disappear in water. Also there is no salty taste which is helpful in distinguishing cryolite from the mineral halite. Associated Minerals include siderite, quartz, topaz, fluorite, chalcopyrite, galena, cassiterite, molybdenite, columbite and wolframite. Notable Occurrences include Ivigtut area of Greenland and also at the foot of Pikes Peak at Creede, Colorado, USA, Mont Saint-Hilaire and Francon Quarry, Montreal, Quebec, Canada and at Miask, Russia. Best Field Indicators are lack of salty taste, density, index of refraction, locality and crystal habit. Colors: clear or white to yellowish, but can also be black or purple Hardness: 2.5 to 3 Cubanite Color is a brassy golden yellow. Luster is metallic. Transparency: Crystals are opaque. Crystal System is orthorhombic; 2/m 2/m 2/m Crystal Habits include elongated prismatic to tabular crystals. Crystals sometimes twinned into chevrons and six rayed cyclic "stars" or "flowers". Also lamellar, rarely massive. Cleavage is rather poor in one direction. Fracture is conchoidal. Specific Gravity is approximately 4.1 (average for metallic minerals) Streak is black. Other Characteristics: Deep longitudinal striations on most crystal faces. Associated Minerals are chalcopyrite, quartz, gold, siderite, calcite, pyrite, pyrrhotite and several copper sulfides. Notable Occurrences include Barracanao, Cuba; Morro Velho gold mine, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Harz Mnts, Germany and the Henderson Mine, Chibougamau, Quebec, Canada. Best Field Indicators are crystal habit especially its twins, color, luster and occurrence. Colors: yellow Hardness: 3.5 to 4 Cumengite Luster is vitreous. Transparency: Crystals are usually transparent to translucent on thin edges. Crystal System is tetragonal Crystal Habits include pseudo-octahedral crystals, but more commonly found as epitaxial overgrowths on boleite. Each of the six faces of the boleite's cube can be capped with a four sided pyramid of cumengite. The result is a six pointed, 3 dimensional, star-shaped aggregate. Cleavage is numerous and includes four good to distinct directions and one poor direction (basal). Fracture is uneven and brittle. Specific Gravity is 4.6 (rather heavy for translucent minerals) Streak is blue. Associated Minerals include pseudoboleite and especially boleite. Notable Occurrence is limited to the type locality of Boleo, Santa Rosalia, Baja California, Mexico. Best Field Indicators are crystals habit, color, density, associations and locality. Colors: indigo blue with violet Hardness: 2.5 Cummingtonite Luster is silky to vitreous. Transparency: Crystals are translucent to opaque. Crystal System is monoclinic; 2/m. Crystal Habits include fibrous, lamellar and radiating masses. Twinning is common and is either simple or lamellar. Cleavage: is good in two directions at 56 and 124 degree angles. Fracture is splintery. Specific Gravity is approximately 3.1 - 3.6 (average to slightly above average). Streak is white. Other Characteristics: Non-pleochroic. Associated Minerals are hematite, hornblende, actinolite and anthophyllite. Notable Occurrences include Cummington (hence the name), Hampshire County, Massachusetts; Homestake gold mine, Lawrence County, South Dakota and La Paz County, Arizona, USA; Scotland; South Africa and Sweden. Best Field Indicators are crystal habit, fracture, cleavage, color, density and hardness. Colors: dark grayish or greenish-brown and dark green Hardness: 5 to 6 Cuprite A deep red metallic crystal from Russia. This crystal is used on the 1st chakra to promote energy throughout the entire chakra system. Cuprite is used to discourage worry, especially those worries which we have little or no control over. It allows one to understand that worry is essentially a waste of energy. This stone is helpful in the treatment of vertigo and is used to eliminate altitude sickness. Luster is adamantine or submetallic to dull or earthy if massive. Transparency: Crystals are transparent to translucent. Crystal System is isometric; once thought to be 4 3 2 but now believed to belong to 4/m bar 3 2/m. Crystal Habits include the cube, octahedron, dodecahedron, and combinations of these forms. Some display faces of the obscure gyroid form. A variety known as Chalcotrichite forms long needle-like crystals or fuzzy crusts, also massive. Cleavage is fair in four directions forming octahedrons. Fracture is conchoidal. Specific Gravity is approximately 6.0 (very heavy for translucent minerals) Streak is brick red. Associated Minerals are limonite, copper, chrysocolla, malachite and other secondary copper minerals. Other Characteristics: Forms a surface film with long exposure to strong light. Crystals of cuprite are sometimes altered or partially altered to malachite and rarely copper. Notable Occurrences include Arizona, USA; Africa; Australia; Chile and several localities in Europe. Best Field Indicators are color, crystal form and softness Colors: red to a deep red that can appear almost black Hardness: 3.5 to 4 Cuproadamite Luster is adamantine. Transparency crystals are transparent to translucent. Crystal System is orthrombic; 2/m 2/m 2/m Crystal Habits include diamond-shaped, wedge-like prisms sometimes modified with minor prismatic faces and terminated by a double triangle. Mostly in druses and radiating clusters that can form wheel and "wheat-sheath" shapes. Rarely in a perfectly smooth botryoidal habit like smithsonite, but commonly found with well-formed crystal terminations that sparkle on the top of the "sub-botryoidal" surface. Cleavage is perfect in one direction. Fracture is conchoidal. Specific Gravity is approximately 4.6 (heavy for translucent minerals and slightly heavier than adamite) Streak is white. Other Characteristics: does not fluoresces like its cousin adamite. Associated Minerals are adamite, limonite, conichalcite, smithsonite, aragonite, calcite, and other oxidation zone minerals. Notable Occurances include the famous mines at Mapimi, Mexico; also Greece and other sites that contain adamite and copper minerals. Best Field Indicators are color, density, non-fluorescences, associations and crystal habits. Colors: reddish purple, but can be purple, red or even green Hardness: 3.5 Cuprosklodowskite Luster is vitreous to silky. Transparency: Crystals are transparent to translucent. Crystal System: Triclinic; bar 1 Crystal Habits are typically fibrous tufts and crusts. Also acicular crystals in radial aggregates. Cleavage: perfect in one direction. Specific Gravity is approximately 3.8 (above average for translucent minerals) Streak is green. Associated Minerals are uraninite, dioptase, sklodowskite, Uranophane and brochanitite. Other Characteristics: Radioactive and fluorescent. Notable Occurrences include Musonoi Mine, Shaba, Zaire; Amelal, Morocco and San Juan Co., Utah. Best Field Indicators are crystal habit, color, locality, radioactivity and fluorescence. Colors: green Hardness: 4 Cyanotrichite Luster is vitreous to silky. Transparency crystals are mostly translucent. Crystal System is orthorhombic. Crystal Habits include acicular to fibrous crystals aggregated into coatings, tufts, radial clusters and sprays as well as small tabular crystals. Cleavage is absent. Fracture is uneven. Specific Gravity is approximately 3.7 - 3.9+ (above average for translucent minerals) Streak is blue. Associated Minerals are brochantite, smithsonite, malachite and azurite. Notable Occurrences include Laurium, Greece; Leadhills, Scotland; Russia; South Africa; Arizona, Nevada and Utah, USA and France. Best Field Indicators are crystal habit, associations and color. Colors: bright azure blue to sky blue Hardness: 3 to 4.5 Cylindrite Luster is metallic. Transparency: Crystals are opaque. Crystal System is trigonal, but is in dispute. Crystal Habit is extremely unique. Crystals form small wrapped cylinders (hense the name) that look like tubes or rolls of metallic cloth. Also found massive. Cleavage: None. Fracture: Conchoidal to uneven. Specific Gravity is 5.4 - 5.5 (somewhat heavier than average for metallic minerals) Streak is black. Other Characteristics: Under pressure, cylinders will separate into curved shells or leaves. Associated Minerals include pyrite, sphalerite, cassiterite, teallite and franckeite. Notable Occurrences are limited to Mina Santa Cruz, Poopo, Oruro, Bolivia and a few other tin sulfide deposits. Best Field Indicators include the very unusual crystal habit as well as the locality, softness, color and luster Colors: iron black to gray Hardness: 2.5 Quick Jump Links: A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z

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